Treatment options

Explore the major treatment approaches

These treatments differ in how they work, what the experience is like, how quickly they may help, and when they are typically considered. This page offers a starting point, with deeper information available in each section below.

TMS

A noninvasive treatment that uses magnetic stimulation to target brain circuits involved in mood. TMS is often considered when depression has not improved enough with standard treatment.

Learn About TMS

Ketamine

A different treatment approach that may be considered for some people with severe or treatment-resistant depression. Careful screening and follow-up are important.

Learn About Ketamine

ECT

One of the most effective treatments in psychiatry, especially for severe depression, psychotic depression, catatonia, or situations where improvement is urgently needed.

Learn About ECT

Psychedelics

An evolving area of research and clinical interest. These treatments deserve careful, medically grounded discussion that separates early promise from oversimplification.

Learn About Psychedelics

When it may come up

When might someone consider neuromodulation?

Neuromodulation is often considered when depression has remained severe, persistent, or difficult to treat despite reasonable efforts with standard approaches. For some people, the question arises after trying multiple medications or psychotherapy without enough relief. For others, it comes up when symptoms are especially impairing, urgent, or hard to tolerate.

Different treatments may be considered in different situations. In some cases, the goal is to find an option that works through a different mechanism. In others, the priority may be speed, effectiveness, tolerability, or the nature of the symptoms themselves.

Depression that has not improved enough with standard treatment
Symptoms that remain severe or highly impairing
Need for a different treatment approach
Questions about options beyond medication alone

Not every treatment is appropriate for every person. The goal is not to rush into a procedure, but to better understand the range of options and have more informed conversations with your doctor.

When it may come up

When might someone consider neuromodulation?

Neuromodulation is often considered when depression has remained severe, persistent, or difficult to treat despite reasonable efforts with standard approaches. For some people, the question arises after trying multiple medications or psychotherapy without enough relief. For others, it comes up when symptoms are especially impairing, urgent, or hard to tolerate.

Different treatments may be considered in different situations. In some cases, the goal is to find an option that works through a different mechanism. In others, the priority may be speed, effectiveness, tolerability, or the nature of the symptoms themselves.

Depression that has not improved enough with standard treatment
Symptoms that remain severe or highly impairing
Need for a different treatment approach
Questions about options beyond medication alone

Not every treatment is appropriate for every person. The goal is not to rush into a procedure, but to better understand the range of options and have more informed conversations with your doctor.

What to expect

What is the process usually like?

The details vary by treatment, but most neuromodulation pathways involve the same broad steps: evaluation, discussion of options, treatment planning, and ongoing follow-up.

1

Evaluation

Treatment usually begins with a careful clinical assessment of symptoms, past treatments, medical history, current medications, and the reasons a neuromodulation approach is being considered.

2

Discussion of options

Different treatments have different strengths, burdens, risks, and practical considerations. A good discussion should include not just potential benefits, but also limitations and tradeoffs.

3

Treatment planning

If a treatment is pursued, the plan may involve scheduling, coordination with other care, preparation for side effects or logistics, and clarification of what improvement would realistically look like.

4

Follow-up over time

Response is monitored over time. Some treatments work gradually, some more quickly, and some may require rethinking the plan if benefits are limited or side effects become burdensome.

Questions and next steps

A few important things to keep in mind

Does neuromodulation mean other treatments have failed?

Not necessarily. Sometimes these treatments are considered after other approaches have not helped enough, but in some situations the question is less about “failure” and more about finding the right option for the severity, urgency, or nature of the symptoms.

Are these treatments all basically the same?

No. TMS, ketamine, ECT, and emerging psychedelic treatments differ substantially in mechanism, experience, evidence base, risks, and clinical role. Understanding those differences is an important part of making informed decisions.

How should I think about the next step?

The next step is usually not choosing a treatment on your own. It is understanding the options clearly enough to have a more informed conversation with your doctor about what may or may not fit your situation.

Where should I go from here?

You can explore the treatment pages in more detail, review the differences among the main approaches, and bring your questions into a clinical discussion grounded in your symptoms, history, and goals.